Thursday, April 30, 2009
Saipan International Airport
Saipan International Airport (IATA: SPN, ICAO: PGSN, FAA LID: GSN), also known as Francisco C. Ada/Saipan International Airport, is a public airport located on Saipan Island in the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The airport is owned by Commonwealth Ports Authority.[1] Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Saipan International Airport is assigned GSN by the FAA and SPN by the IATA (which assigned GSN to Mount Gunson, South Australia, Australia). Facilities and aircraft: Saipan International Airport covers an area of 734 acres (297 ha) which contains one paved runway (7/25) measuring 8,700 x 200 ft (2,652 x 61 m).[1] For 12-month period ending December 31, 2005, the airport had 39,542 aircraft operations, an average of 108 per day: 61% air taxi, 19% general aviation, 18% scheduled commercial and 1% military.
Dillingham Airfield
Dillingham Airfield (IATA: HDH, ICAO: PHDH) is a regional airport of the State of Hawai'i. Located on the North Shore of O'ahu near the unincorporated town of Waialua.
Most flights to Dillingham Airfield are general aviation originating at Dillingham Airfield for skydiving or glider operations. It is primarily used as a recreation facility, a base for gliding, hang gliding and parachuting.
Military operations consist largely of night operations for night vision device training.
List of airports in Pakistan
The page lists major civil aviation airports, military airbases, and small airports that are not being served by any airline (like Chilas Airport). There are an estimated 139 airfields in Pakistan.[1]. The largest airport in Pakistan is the Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, that can handle 30 aircraft at a time and has 16 passenger gates. It handles 6 million passengers annually and has a capacity of handling 12 million passengers annually. In addition the international airports at Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar and Quetta are also major Pakistani airports catering to a majority of the local and international travellers. All public airports are run by Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority, with the exception of Sialkot International Airport which is run by the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce & Industry. All military airbases are run by the Pakistan Air Force, with the exception of Dhamial Army Airbase which is run by the Pakistan Army. List: ICAO location identifiers are linked to each airport's Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), where available. Airport names shown in bold indicate the airport has scheduled service on commercial airlines.
Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport
Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport (simplified Chinese: 深圳宝安国际机场; traditional Chinese: 深圳寶安國際機場; pinyin: Shēnzhèn Bǎo'ān Guójì Jīchǎng; formerly named Shenzhen Huangtian Airport) (IATA: SZX, ICAO: ZGSZ) is located near Huangtian and Fuyong villages in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China. It is 32 km from the city centre (CBD) at Luohu District. It is the hub for Shenzhen Airlines, and a focus city for China Southern Airlines. The airport was opened on 12 October 1991. It occupies an area of 10.8 km². Its runway is 3400 m long and 45 m wide, and has 53 parking spaces on its apron. The airport also has ferry routes to Hong Kong International Airport, where passengers can transit without going through immigration and custom checks, like transit between two flights. Shenzhen airport handled 21,400,509 passengers in 2008, according to Civil Aviation Administration of China, making itself the fifth busiest in China. The airport was also the 4th busiest airport in terms of cargo traffic, registering 616,172 tonnes of freight. In terms of traffic movements, Shenzhen airport was the 5th busiest airport in China, 2008. Shenzhen Airport is one of the choices of Hong Kong residents as it has lower landing fees, thus benefiting low-cost carriers.
Shenzhen Airlines
Shenzhen Airlines (Chinese: 深圳航空) is a domestic budget airline based in Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Northrop YF-17
The Northrop YF-17 (unofficially nicknamed "Cobra") was a prototype lightweight fighter aircraft designed for the United States Air Force's Lightweight Fighter (LWF) technology evaluation program. The LWF was created because many in the fighter community believed that aircraft like the F-15 Eagle were too large and expensive for many combat roles. The YF-17 was the culmination of a long line of Northrop designs, beginning with the N-102 Fang in 1956, continuing through the F-5 family.
Although it lost the LWF competition to the F-16, the YF-17 was selected for the new VFAX specification. In enlarged form, the F/A-18 Hornet was adopted by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps to replace the A-7 Corsair II and F-4 Phantom II, complementing the more expensive F-14 Tomcat.[1] This design, conceived as a small and lightweight fighter, would ironically be scaled up to the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, which is similar in size to the original F-15. The Super Hornet has replaced the F-14 in USN inventory, and performs all jet combat aircraft roles in the Navy from attack to fighter, tanker and electronic warfare.
F/A-18 Hornet
The McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) F/A-18 Hornet is an all-weather carrier-capable
multirole fighter jet, designed to attack both ground and aerial targets. Designed in the
1970s for service with the United States Navy and Marine Corps, the Hornet is also used by
the air forces of several other nations. It has been the aerial demonstration aircraft for
the U.S. Navy's Blue Angels since 1986. Its primary missions are fighter escort, fleet air
defense, suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD), interdiction, close air support and
reconnaissance. Its versatility and reliability have proven it to be a valuable carrier
asset, though it has been criticized for its lack of range and payload compared to its
contemporaries.[3]
The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet is a distinct, evolutionary upgrade to the F/A-18 designed to
serve a complementary role with Hornets in the U.S. Navy.
Prandtl–Glauert singularity
The Prandtl–Glauert singularity (sometimes referred to as a "vapor cone"), is the point at which a sudden drop in air pressure occurs, and is generally accepted as the cause of the visible condensation cloud that often surrounds an aircraft traveling at transonic speeds, though there remains some debate. It is an example of a mathematical singularity in aerodynamics. One view of this phenomenon is that it exhibits the effect of compressibility and the so-called "N-wave". The N-wave is the time variant pressure profile seen by a static observer when a sonic compression wave passes. The overall three-dimensional shock wave is in the form of a cone with its apex at the supersonic aircraft. This wave follows the aircraft. The pressure profile of the wave is composed of a leading compression component (the initial upward stroke of the "N"), followed by a pressure descent forming a rarefaction of the air (the downward diagonal of the "N"), followed by a return to the normal ambient pressure (the final upward stroke of the "N"). The rarefaction may be thought of as the "rebounding" of the compression due to inertial effects.[1]
These condensation clouds, also known as "shock collars" or "shock eggs," are frequently seen during Space Shuttle launches around 25 to 33 seconds after launch when the vehicle is traveling at transonic speeds. These effects are also visible in archival footage of some nuclear tests.
Since heat does not leave the affected air mass, this change of pressure is adiabatic, with an associated change of temperature. In humid air, the drop in temperature in the most rarefied portion of the shock wave (close to the aircraft) can bring the air temperature below its dew point, at which moisture condenses to form a visible cloud of microscopic water droplets. Since the pressure effect of the wave is reduced by its expansion (the same pressure effect is spread over a larger radius), the vapor effect also has a limited radius. Such vapor can also be seen in low pressure regions during high–g subsonic maneuvers in humid conditions.
Prandtl–Glauert singularity effects can be readily observed on a humid day by successfully cracking a whip. A visible cloud is produced at the point where the tip of the whip goes transonic.
The effect is also noticeable in modern super-high-bypass turbofan jet engines when operating at takeoff power, due to the low pressure and transonic fan blades in the engine inlet.
Blue Angels
The United States Navy's Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron, popularly known as the Blue Angels, first performed in 1946[1] and was the world's first officially sanctioned military aerial demonstration team.[citation needed] The squadron's six demonstration pilots fly the Boeing F/A-18 Hornet in more than 70 shows at 34 locations throughout the United States each year, where they still employ many of the same practices and techniques used in their aerial displays in 1946. Since their inception, the "Blues" have flown a variety of different aircraft types for more than 427 million spectators worldwide.
F-4 Phantom II
The McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II[1][2] is a two-seat, twin-engined, all-weather, long-range supersonic jet interceptor fighter/fighter-bomber originally developed for the U.S. Navy by McDonnell Aircraft.[2] Proving highly adaptable, it became a major part of the air wings of the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force.[3] It was used extensively by all three of these services during the Vietnam War, serving as the principal air superiority fighter for both the Navy and Air Force, as well as being important in the ground-attack and reconnaissance roles by the close of U.S. involvement in the war.[3]
First entering service in 1960, the Phantom continued to form a major part of U.S. military air power throughout the 1970s and 1980s, being gradually replaced by more modern aircraft such as the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon in the U.S. Air Force; the F-14 Tomcat and F/A-18 Hornet in the U.S. Navy; and the F/A-18 in the U.S. Marine Corps. It remained in use by the U.S. in the reconnaissance and Wild Weasel roles in the 1991 Gulf War, finally leaving service in 1996.[4][5] The Phantom was also operated by the armed forces of 11 other nations. Israeli Phantoms saw extensive combat in several Arab–Israeli conflicts, while Iran used its large fleet of Phantoms in the Iran–Iraq War. Phantoms remain in front line service with seven countries, and in use as an unmanned target in the U.S. Air Force.[6]
Phantom production ran from 1958 to 1981, with a total of 5,195 built.[3] This extensive run makes it the second most-produced Western jet fighter, behind the F-86 Sabre at just under 10,000 examples.
McDonnell Douglas
McDonnell Douglas was a major American aerospace manufacturer and defense contractor, producing a number of famous commercial and military aircraft. It formed from a merger of McDonnell Aircraft and Douglas Aircraft in 1967. McDonnell Douglas later merged with Boeing in 1997.
Boeing
The Boeing Company is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William E. Boeing in Seattle, Washington. Boeing has expanded over the years, merging with McDonnell Douglas in 1997. Its international headquarters has been in Chicago, Illinois, US since 2001. Boeing is the largest global aircraft manufacturer by revenue, orders and deliveries, and the second-largest aerospace and defense contractor in the world.[2] Boeing is the largest exporter in the United States. Its stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
